What is hormone therapy?

Hormone therapy (HT), formerly known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is a treatment in which hormones — primarily estrogen and progestogen — are administered to compensate for declining hormone levels during menopause.

What does the research say?

Effectiveness

Multiple large meta-analyses confirm that HT is the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes). A 2023 systematic review published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that HT reduces hot flashes by 75% compared to placebo.

Safety

The breast cancer risk is the most discussed safety concern. Key findings:

Estrogen alone (for women without a uterus): no significant increased breast cancer risk with use up to 5 years.
Combined HT (estrogen + progestogen): a slightly increased risk, comparable to the risk of drinking one glass of alcohol daily.
Age and timing matter: HT started within 10 years after menopause offers the best balance of benefits and risks.

Conclusion

Hormone therapy is safe and effective for the majority of women with bothersome menopause symptoms. The decision is personal and should be made in consultation with a doctor who evaluates your individual situation.